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BIOTECHNOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES INTRODUCTION Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans.                                      _____________↓_______________                        … Read more

INTRODUCTION The membranous cell organelles which function in a coordinated manner, constitute an endomembrane system, e.g endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM FUNCTION OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is often referred to as the “factory” or “highway” of the cell, playing a crucial role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and calcium … Read more

INTRODUCTION Definition:-According to WHO. reproductive health means a total well being in all aspects of reproduction, emotional, social and behavioural. Key components of reproductive health:- (i) Access to Information and Education: Access to accurate and comprehensive information about reproductive anatomy, physiology, contraception, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and family planning methods is essential for making informed … Read more

INTRODUCTION The cells of bacteria, fungi, algae and plants have an additional non-moving, rigid structure called the cell wall that surround the plasma membrane. The composition of cell wall varies in different groups. GROUPS OF CELL WALL  Fungal cell wall:- The fungal cell wall is generally composed of chitin, a polymer of N-acetylgucosamine (NAG) unit. … Read more

HUMAN REPRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Sequence of reproductive events occurring in humans include:-                                          Gametogenesis                                                … Read more

INTRODUCTION Eukaryotic cells are those cells which possess an organised nucleus with a nuclear envelop. Some of the important characteristics of eukaryotic cells cytoskeletal structure, membrane-bound organelles and organisation of genetic material into chromosomes. These cells occur in protista, fungi, plants and animals. PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL    … Read more

INTRODUCTION  Humans are sexually reproducing viviparous organisms Reproductive system is composed of(i) Primary sex organs– Site for gamete formation(ii) External genitalia– Involved in copulation Accessory ducts of human reproduction- Accessory glands-Facilitate transport of gametes THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Location:- Pelvic region Testes: The primary male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. Epididymis: A … Read more

PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS True (T) or False (F)  Chlorophyll a protects chlorophyll b from photo-oxidation.  All typed of chlorophyll molecules along with carotenoids form the reaction  centre.  PS I and PS II are named in the sequence in which they function during light reaction and not in the sequence of their discovery.  The electrons … Read more

INTRODUCTION > The prokaryotic cells are represented by bacteria, blue green algae, Mycoplasma and PPLO (Pleuro pneumonia like organisms). They are generally smaller in size and multiply much faster than the eukaryotic cells. They may vary greatly in shape and size but exhibit basic cellular organisation. >Mostly prokaryotes have a cell wall surrounding the cell … Read more

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS INTRODUCTION All flowering plants show sexual reproduction. Flowers are objects of aesthetic, ornamental, social, religious and cultural value. They have always been used as symbols for conveying important human feelings such as love, affection, happiness, grief, mourning etc. Much before the actual flower is seen on a plant, the decision … Read more