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human heart INTRODUCTION Human circulatory system, also known as the blood vascular system consists of a muscular chambered heart, a network of closed branching blood vessels and blood, the fluid which is circulated LABELLED HEART Structure of Human Heart Heart is located in the thoracic cavity, in between the two lungs, slightly tilted to the … Read more

INTRODUCTION Plastids are found in all plant cells in euglenoids etc. Depending upon their colour and pigments they contain, these are of three main types- leucoplasts, chromoplasts and chloroplasts.         1  Leucoplasts:- they are colourless plastids which generally occur near          the nucleus in non-green cells.They are variable in … Read more

INTRODUCTION The flower is the reproductive unit in the angiosperm. It is a modified shoot, meant for sexual reproduction. It consists of four whorls which are successively arranged on the thalamus or receptacle. Thalamus  is the swollen end of the predicel or the stalk. The four whorls present in a flower are calyx, corolla, androecium, … Read more

INTRODUCTION The ascending part of the plant axis which bears branches, leaves, flowers and fruits is called stem. It develops from plumule. Stem is differentiated into nodes and internodes. The region bearing leaves, present at regular intervals on the stem and its branches are called nodes  and the part of stem present between the two … Read more

INTRODUCTION Golgi Appratus • Golgi apparatus as a bustling sorting and distribution center within the cell. • He described it as a densely stained reticular structures present near the           nucleus of the cell. • Therefore, these were given the name Golgi bodies, after his name. • It is present in eukaryotic … Read more

BIOTECHNOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES INTRODUCTION Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans.                                      _____________↓_______________                        … Read more

INTRODUCTION The membranous cell organelles which function in a coordinated manner, constitute an endomembrane system, e.g endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM FUNCTION OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is often referred to as the “factory” or “highway” of the cell, playing a crucial role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and calcium … Read more

INTRODUCTION Definition:-According to WHO. reproductive health means a total well being in all aspects of reproduction, emotional, social and behavioural. Key components of reproductive health:- (i) Access to Information and Education: Access to accurate and comprehensive information about reproductive anatomy, physiology, contraception, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and family planning methods is essential for making informed … Read more

INTRODUCTION The cells of bacteria, fungi, algae and plants have an additional non-moving, rigid structure called the cell wall that surround the plasma membrane. The composition of cell wall varies in different groups. GROUPS OF CELL WALL  Fungal cell wall:- The fungal cell wall is generally composed of chitin, a polymer of N-acetylgucosamine (NAG) unit. … Read more

HUMAN REPRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Sequence of reproductive events occurring in humans include:-                                          Gametogenesis                                                … Read more