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INTRODUCTION Eukaryotic cells are those cells which possess an organised nucleus with a nuclear envelop. Some of the important characteristics of eukaryotic cells cytoskeletal structure, membrane-bound organelles and organisation of genetic material into chromosomes. These cells occur in protista, fungi, plants and animals. PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL    … Read more

INTRODUCTION  Humans are sexually reproducing viviparous organisms Reproductive system is composed of(i) Primary sex organs– Site for gamete formation(ii) External genitalia– Involved in copulation Accessory ducts of human reproduction- Accessory glands-Facilitate transport of gametes THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Location:- Pelvic region Testes: The primary male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. Epididymis: A … Read more

PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS True (T) or False (F)  Chlorophyll a protects chlorophyll b from photo-oxidation.  All typed of chlorophyll molecules along with carotenoids form the reaction  centre.  PS I and PS II are named in the sequence in which they function during light reaction and not in the sequence of their discovery.  The electrons … Read more

INTRODUCTION > The prokaryotic cells are represented by bacteria, blue green algae, Mycoplasma and PPLO (Pleuro pneumonia like organisms). They are generally smaller in size and multiply much faster than the eukaryotic cells. They may vary greatly in shape and size but exhibit basic cellular organisation. >Mostly prokaryotes have a cell wall surrounding the cell … Read more

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS INTRODUCTION All flowering plants show sexual reproduction. Flowers are objects of aesthetic, ornamental, social, religious and cultural value. They have always been used as symbols for conveying important human feelings such as love, affection, happiness, grief, mourning etc. Much before the actual flower is seen on a plant, the decision … Read more

WHAT IS A CELL? Unicellular organisms are capable of (i) Independent existence (ii) Performing the essential functions of life. Any thing less than a complete structure of a cell does not ensure independent living. Thus, cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Robert Hooke studies and discovered the cell from a thin … Read more

Angiosperms  (GK. angio- vessel, sperma- seed) are those plants in which seeds are formed inside fruit and the sporophylls are organised into flowers. Hence, they are called flowering plants. The main characteristics of angiosperms are:-> They range in size from tiny, almost microscopic Wolfia (Smallest angiosperm) to tall trees of Eucalyptus (over 100 meters).> Angiosperms … Read more

CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION INTRODUCTION  Significance :- As the nerve fibres do not innervate all cells of the body and the cellular functions require continuous regulation, hence the role of endocrine system is integrated with neural system.  ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND HORMONES                                … Read more

The gymnosperms (gymnos: naked, sperm: seeds) are plants in which the seeds are not enclosed within fruit wall i.e they bear naked seeds . These are seeded plants without fruits. The main characteristics of gymnosperms are They include medium-sized trees or tall trees and shrubs.  The Sequoia (red wood tree) is one of the tallest tree … Read more

NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATIONSENSORY RECEPTION AND PROCESSING Sensory organs detect all types of changes in the environment.Sensory receptors →Input→ CNS→output→ Parts/Organs(Detect stimuli)              (Process analyse)      (Response to stimuli) SENSE ORGANS Sense organ         Sense                          … Read more