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The gymnosperms (gymnos: naked, sperm: seeds) are plants in which the seeds are not enclosed within fruit wall i.e they bear naked seeds . These are seeded plants without fruits. The main characteristics of gymnosperms are They include medium-sized trees or tall trees and shrubs.  The Sequoia (red wood tree) is one of the tallest tree … Read more

NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATIONSENSORY RECEPTION AND PROCESSING Sensory organs detect all types of changes in the environment.Sensory receptors →Input→ CNS→output→ Parts/Organs(Detect stimuli)              (Process analyse)      (Response to stimuli) SENSE ORGANS Sense organ         Sense                          … Read more

INTRODUCTION NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION  Coordination is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one another to maintain homeostasis in our body. The neural system and the endocrine system jointly coordinate and integrate all the activities of the organs as that they function in synchronized fashion. SYSTEM MAINTAINING … Read more

They are seedless vascular plants including horsetails and ferns. The main characteristics of pteridophytes are:- The pteridophtes are found in cool, damp, shady places through some may flourish well in sandy-soil conditions. Evolutionary, they are the first terretrial plants to possess vascular tissues- xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals while phloem conducts organic … Read more

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES Bryophytes are non-vascular terrestrial plants of moist habitats in which a multicellular diploid sporophyte lives as a parasite on an independent multicellular haploid gametophyte. The main characteristics of bryophytes are:-  They are found commonly in damp, humid and shaded localities. The plants are small. They seldom attain great length or height. … Read more

ALGAE (FATHER OF ALGOLOGY:F.E FRITSCH) -Algae are chlorophyll containing, simple, thalloid (plant body not differentiated into root, stem and leaf) and autotrophic organisms. Algae reproduction sexually through processes like conjugation, where genetic material is exchanged between two cells,or through the formation of specialized reproductive structure like gametes. This allows for genetic diversity and adaptation in … Read more

LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT Movement:- Significant feature of living beingsLocomotion:-   Voluntary movements resulting in change in place/location. Locomotion and movement is performed by organisms for variable reasons, e.g.   Their habitat Demand of situation like search of food, mate, breeding ground, escape from enemies/predators. TYPES OF MOVEMENT/LOCOMOTION Types                 Structure      … Read more

Excretory Products and their Elimination EXCRETORY WASTE                       Metabolism                         Excess ingestion                               |_________________________________|                  … Read more

BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEMBODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION Functions:- Transport of nutrients, O2 , glucose etc. Removal of harmful substances Constituents:-   Blood + Blood vesssels + Heart. Blood:– Synthesized in Red bone marrow Medium of transport_____________________________________  ↓                                        … Read more

BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES/RESPIRATION Atmospheric oxygen→ Exchange→ CO2 produced by cells. RESPIRATORY ORGANS Based on:- (i) Habitats  (ii) Levels of organisation ORGANISM:- Sponges, coelenterates Flatworms Earthworm Insects Aquatic arthropods, molluscs, fishes Amphibians, reptile.s, aves, mammals. MECHANISM:- Simple diffusion Moist skin Tracheal tubes Branchial/Gills Pulmonary/Lungs Note:- Amphibians show cutaneous respiration all the time. OUTLOOK OF … Read more