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BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES/RESPIRATION Atmospheric oxygen→ Exchange→ CO2 produced by cells. RESPIRATORY ORGANS Based on:- (i) Habitats  (ii) Levels of organisation ORGANISM:- Sponges, coelenterates Flatworms Earthworm Insects Aquatic arthropods, molluscs, fishes Amphibians, reptile.s, aves, mammals. MECHANISM:- Simple diffusion Moist skin Tracheal tubes Branchial/Gills Pulmonary/Lungs Note:- Amphibians show cutaneous respiration all the time. OUTLOOK OF … Read more

Plant Growth and Development- INTRODUCTION All cells of a plant are descendants of the zygote. Development of a mature plant from a zygote follows a precise and highly ordered succession events. Development is the sum of two processes. GROWTH  and DIFFERENTIATION. During this process a complex body organisation is formed that produce roots, leaves, branches, … Read more

 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS- INTRODUCTION Respiration in plants, all living organisms need energy for carrying out daily life activities, like absorption, transport, movement, reproduction or even breathing. All the energy required for ‘life’ processes is obtained by oxidation of macromolecules, called food. Cellular respiration is the mechanism of breakdown of food material within the cell to … Read more

PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS- INTRODUCTION Photosynthesis in higher plants, Green plants synthesise the food they need, by photosynthesis and all other organisms depend on them for their needs. Photosynthesis ia a physico-chemical process by which plants use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds. The use of energy from sunlight by plants doing … Read more

INTRODUCTION OF CELL THE UNIT OF LIFE What makes an organisation living? The answer to this is the presence of the basic unit of the life cell in all living organisation. All organisms are composed of cells. WHAT IS A CELL? Cell the unit of life- Cell  is the fundamental structure and functional unit of … Read more

INTRODUCTION ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS:-   Anatomy of flowering plants, study of internal structure of plants. Internal structures also show adaptation to diverse environments.    ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS-THE TISSUES Group of cells having a common origin and usually performing a common function is called tissue. TYPES Meristematic tissues and Permanent tissues  Meristematic tissues Actively dividing … Read more

INTRODUCTION OF MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANT  Angiosperms show a large diversity in morphology. Possibly the variation in different parts are due to the adaptions to various habitats. Morphology of flowering  plant has root system and shoot system. MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANT- THE ROOT Elongation of radicle form primary morphology of flowering plant Primary root bears … Read more

INTRODUCTION Our understanding of the plant kingdom has changed overtime. Fungi and members of the Monera and Protista having cell walls have now been excluded from plantae. Cyanobacteria that are also referred to as blue green algae anyone. In plant kingdom,  we describe algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.  CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS OF PLANT KINGDOM  ARTIFICIAL … Read more

Introduction In biological classification, there have been many attempts to classify living organisms since the dawn of civilisation. Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for biological classification. He used simple morphological characters to classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs. He also divided animals into two groups, with RBCs and without RBCs … Read more