Introduction Hybridization describes how atomic orbitals can combine to generate analogous orbitals. It offers a structure for understanding the shape, bonds, and characteristics of molecules. Hybridization, which was first proposed by Linus Pauling, fills the gap between the experimental observations of molecule morphologies and the theoretical quantum mechanical perspective of atomic orbitals. Definition The process … Read more
Valence Bond Theory (VBT) is a basic concept in chemistry that explains the formation of chemical bonds through the overlap of atomic orbitals. Developed by Linus Pauling, Heitler and London (1927) VBT provides insights in how atoms combine to form molecules, emphasising the role of valence electrons. It is particularly useful for understanding covalent bonding … Read more
By dividing a single vector into two or more parts, a technique known as resolution of vectors makes vector analysis easier. When examining motion or forces in two-dimensional spaces, this is especially useful. This idea is essential to grasp since it provides the foundation for resolving issues in mechanics and other physics-related fields. What is … Read more
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory that helps to predict the shape of molecules based on the arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom. Developed by Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm in 1957, it is widely used to explain molecular geometry and bonding in both simple and complex molecules. Valence Electron What is … Read more
General rule for addition and subtraction:- It states that the vectors to be added are arranged in such a way so that the head of first vector coincides with the tail of second vector, whose head coincides with the tail of the third vector and so on, then the single vector drawn from the tail … Read more
Bond parameters are the measurable characteristics of chemical bonds that describe their strength, stability, and geometry. It helps in predicting the properties and reactivity of molecules. These parameters are essential for building a initial knowledge of chemical bonding. 1.Bond Length Definition: Bond length is the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms. Bond … Read more
A basic operation in vector mathematics that allows us to scale a vector’s magnitude while maintaining its direction is to multiply it by a real number, or scalar. This idea is vital to understanding the use of vectors in physics, engineering, and computer graphics, particularly when they are used to represent quantities like force, velocity, … Read more
When two atoms exchange electrons, oppositely charged ions donates or attracted to one another. This process is called an ionic or electrovalent bond. Low ionisation element loses electrons easily (usually metal) and, the other element (usually the nonmetal) has a high electron attraction and rapidly gets electrons. electrons Formation of Ionic Bonds Electrons are transferred … Read more
Introduction Scalars and vectors are two basic types of quantities. These ideas are essential and especially for in mechanics, where problem-solving and understanding of physical processes depend on the ability to discriminate between scalar and vector values. Scalars :- Scalars are those quantities which have magnitudes only. It is specified completely by a single number, … Read more
Introduction :- A chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together in different chemical species. Two factors due to which atoms interact with each other are Decrease in energy due to net attractive forces which are greater than repulsive forces. The tendency to achieve noble gas configurations. Kossel-Lewis Approach … Read more